Wednesday, July 8, 2009

കൃത്രിമ ബീജം വഴി സന്താ​നോല്‍പാദനം

കൃത്രിമ ബീജം വഴി സന്താ​നോല്‍പാദനം
ന്യൂകാസ്സില്‍ യൂണിവേര്‍സിറ്റിയിലെ പ്രൊഫ.നയേര്‍ണിയാ
കൃത്രിമ ബീജോല്‍പാദനം വഴി സന്തതികളെ സൃഷ്ടിക്കാനുള്ള
മാര്‍ഗ്ഗം കണ്ടെത്തി

Thursday, April 10, 2008

Plymouth

Plymouth
www.plymouth.gov.uk
The name Plymouth was very familiar to me from childhood as the name of a car. But during my stay in UK I learned that it is a port in Western Britain. Once it was a very small port. But navigators like Drake, James Cook, Darwin and the Pilgrim Fathers set their journeys from here .Now it is a big city-rebuilt after wartime bombing.
Sir Francis Drake(c1510-1596) was the first English navigator who went around the globe .H e was knighted by Elizabeth I in1580.Four years later he introduced tobacco and potatoes to England.

New Castle upon Tyne

New Castle upon Tyne

The name was derived from the Norman castle founded in 1080 by Robert Curthouse, the eldest son of William the Conqueror.. The original wooden castle was rebuilt in stone in 12th centuryThe Romans had made a bridge over Tyne. The city flourished a s a coalmining and exporting centre. In 19th century it became well known for engineering and steel production. Later Newcastle became world’s famous shipyard The local people are called ”Geondies”. The ultramodern Metro Centre shopping mall at Gateshead ,south-westward of the city and Newcastle United soccer team are the modern prods of this ancient city. The visible trappings of the past are reflected in Tyne bridge and in Earl Grey’s Monument. Baltic, the cosmopolitan Art Centre and the Sage Gateshead, the international centre for Music and the Millennium Bridge are the other important .
www.newcastle.gov.uk

New Castle upon Tyne

New Castle upon Tyne

The name was derived from the Norman castle founded in 1080 by Robert Curthouse, the eldest son of William the Conqueror.. The original wooden castle was rebuilt in stone in 12th centuryThe Romans had made a bridge over Tyne. The city flourished a s a coalmining and exporting centre. In 19th century it became well known for engineering and steel production. Later Newcastle became world’s famous shipyard The local people are called ”Geondies”. The ultramodern Metro Centre shopping mall at Gateshead ,south-westward of the city and Newcastle United soccer team are the modern prods of this ancient city. The visible trappings of the past are reflected in Tyne bridge and in Earl Grey’s Monument. Baltic, the cosmopolitan Art Centre and the Sage Gateshead, the international centre for Music and the Millennium Bridge are the other important .
www.newcastle.gov.uk

The Royal Mile

The Royal Mile of Edinburgh city

The Royal Mile is one mile long street in between Edinburgh Castle and the Palace of Holyrood house near Arthur’s seat. .Before visiting this Royal passage I had done some homework with the help of Lonely planet and DK. Books so that the journey was very much interesting.

This street has jagged, jumbled pile of masonry riddled with closes (narrow lanes) wynds, vaults and tunnels. This street earned its regal appellation in 16th century because it was used by the King to travel between the Edinburgh Castle and the NHS Connecting Palace of Holyrood house.

The street has four sections-Castlehill, Lawn market, High street and Canongate.

The 5-6 storey buildings on both sides of the street were raised between -1600 and 1700 and were the skyscrapers of those times. All classes of society, from beggars to magistrates lived in these urban ant’s nests, wealthy people lived in middle floors, while poor squeezes to the attics, basements, cellars and vaults with rats, rubbish and sewage. Today the street level is crammed with tourists and souvenir shops. The closes give good view of sea and hills at same site.

Scoth Whisky

Near the Castle is the Scotch Whisky Heritage Centre from where one can learn how Scotch is made from barley with the help of the series of exhibits that combine sight, sound and smell. We could ride a barrel car to see the tableaux depicting the history of the “water of life”.-Johnnie Walker meets Walt Disney.

Camera Obscura in the next Outlook Tower is a curious device, like a periscope built in 1945 throws a large live image of the city onto a large horizontal screen. The Tower gives a good view of the city.

The next Highland Tolbooth kirk is the prominent feature of the Old Town skyline and is the tallest(71.7mts) spire of the city. It was built in 1840 by Graham and Augustus Pugin, who were the architects of London’s Parliament too. The interior houses the Hub, the ticket office and information centre of the Edinburgh Festivals.

Lawnmarket

Lawn market(originally Land market) derived its name from the cloth markets flourished there until 18thcentury.It was once ,the most posh area of the Old Town. Many a VIP had his residence here. Thomas Gladstone a 17th century merchant-ancestor of 19th century British PM William Gladstone- had tenement here, which is still known as Gladstone’s Land. The building gives a fascinating glimpse to the Old Town’s past

Writer’s Museum

East of Gladstone’s Land is The Writer’s museum-Lady Stair’s house- where manuscripts and memorable belongings to Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott and R.L. Stevenson are exhibited.

High Street is the heart and soul of Old Town with the main church (St.Gile’s Cathedral),the Law courts, City Council and Scottish Parliament( till 1707).St.Giles was at the heart of Scottish Reformation. John Knox served as minister here(1559-1572) preaching Calvanist messages and when Charles I wanted to re-establish episcopacy he hardened Scot’s attitude against him. Outside the western door of St. Giles is a cobblestone Heart of Midlothian, where passers by spit on it for luck. This was the site of a toll booth, which was immortalised by Sir Walter Scott in his novel “The Heart of Midlothian”. At the other end of the Gile is Merchant Cross where merchants and traders met to transact business and Royal Proclamations were read.

Near the Cross is the City Chambers ,built originally by John Adam, brother of Robert the Bruce in 1`761.This building has 11 storeys on northern side overlooking Cockburn street. Portion of this was built over the sealed-off remains of Mary King’s close( where in 1645 number of plague victims were walled up in their residences to die without help. It is believed that the close is haunted by those plague victims).Near the South bridge is Tron Kirk, where a public way bridge (tron) built in 1637 stood.

Children’s Museum

Near the next block is the “ the world’s noisiest Museum”-The Museum of Childhood-where serious issues related to childhood-health, education ,upbringing etc, etc are dealt with. In addition there is enormous collection of toys, games and games ,from Victorian dolls to most modern videos. At the foot of the High Street is the John Knox House, the oldest surviving tenement of Edinburgh.

Canongate

Canongate got his name from the Augustinian monks(canons) of Holyrood Abbey.One can see the remains of ancient Canongate Tolbooth here.It now houses The people’s story,fascinating museum of ordinary people their life,work an dpastimes.Next to Tolbooth is Huntly House built in 1570 for the aristoctratic life of that time.It now houses the Museum of Edinburgh. IThe Museum cover history of the city.One of the exhibits is the copy of the National Covenant of 1638.

Next is an attractive curved gable-Canongate Kirkbuilt in 1688.The kirkyard is the gaveyard of the economist Adams Smith(1723-90) author of “The Wealth of Nations””.Robert FergusSon(1750-74) also lies here,so also Mrs Agnes MacLehouse-the Clarinda of Robert Burn’s love poem.

The Palace of Holyroodhouse

The Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the Queen in Scotland.

The palace developed from the guest house attached to the Holyrood Abbey which was extended by King James IV in 1501.Mary Queen Scotland lived here for six years. It was here that she debated with John Knox.Hersecretary Rizzio was killed here in this Palace.King David I founded the Holyrood Abbey in 1128.It was name dafter the True Cross (rood is the Scot word for cross)brought to Scotland by his mother St.Margaret

The newScottish Parliament House is built on the site of a former brewery.Queensberry House buil t in 17th century is next toParliament House.Our Dynamic Earth,Edinburgh.s newest torist attraction is near.Live 4500 million years in one day is the slogan of Our Dynamic Earth .It is an interactive multimedia journey of discovery through Earth history from the Big Bang to the present day.

Holyrood Park was the hunting ground of Scottish monarchs.It extends to 650 acres of varied landscape,crags,moorland and loch.Arthur.s Seat-the highest point(251 meters) is the deeply erodedremenent of a long existed volcano.

Source:

www.lonelyplanet.com

www.dk.com

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